Treaty 11 territory encompasses more than a dozen Gwich’in, Sahtu Dene, Dehcho Dene and Tłı̨chǫ communities in the Northwest Territories — spanning an area twice the size of Germany. This CBC article is an accessible read for parents, teachers, and high school students, with pictures and suggested further readings. The article critically discusses Treaty 11 all the way from its historical conception to its modern day implications: "As communities across the N.W.T. prepare to acknowledge 100 years since its signing, Treaty 11 and its story stands as a testament to the Canadian government’s covetousness, paternalism and disregard for northern Indigenous people. But equally, Treaty 11 is an important agreement — one intended to establish for all time the friendship and interdependence of Indigenous and settler communities in the North."

"A historically accurate study that takes no sides, this book is the first complete document of Treaties 8 and 11 between the Canadian government and the Native people at the turn of the nineteenth century. On the basis of those treaties, contested in the Mackenzie Pipeline debate, white fur-traders, trappers, and corporations gave themselves privileges of ownership with no regard to the Native claim and to the promise made to the Natives that they could live and hunt there "as long as the sun rises, as long as the river flows, as long as this land shall last." Historian Rene Fumoleau has delved into church and government sources to afford a clear picture of the negotiations for the treaties beginning in 1870 and their aftermath up to 1939. With an updated introduction by Joan Barnaby, the documents discussed in the book speak for themselves, implying a host of questions with both historical relevance and enduring significance" (Description taken from publisher).

Children of the Broken Treaty exposes a system of apartheid in Canada that led to the largest youth-driven human rights movement in the country’s history. The movement was inspired by Shannen Koostachin, a young Cree woman whom George Stroumboulopoulos named as one of “five teenage girls who [rocked] in history.” Based on extensive documentation assembled from Freedom of Information requests, Angus establishes a dark, unbroken line that extends from the policies of John A. Macdonald to the government of today. He provides chilling insight into how Canada--through breaches of treaties, broken promises, and callous neglect--deliberately denied First Nations children their basic human rights.

An incredible resource for teachers in Treaty 6, this website contains dozens of grade-specific lesson plans, activities, and other resources for K-12. As the website explains, "Four Treaty Education K-12 goals have been identified as the basis for building understanding and nurturing appreciation. These goals are based upon the Treaty Essential Learnings (2006) and are intended to be addressed through various subject areas. These goals are:

• Treaty Relationships;

• Spirit and Intent of Treaties;

• Historical Context of Treaties, and

• Treaty Promises and Provisions.

While they are presented separately, the goals for Treaty Education can best be understood when considered as parts of a whole, integrated into other curriculum in meaningful ways. The outcomes and indicators at each grade level are designed to engage learners on a journey of inquiry and discovery. When meaningfully and thoughtfully incorporated into subject areas, Treaty Education moves beyond an idea to become actualized as a belief that benefits all learners." Content profoundly covers topic areas of Treaty Six Basics, The Story of Treaty Six, Treaty Perspectives, Contemporary Issues of Treaty, Curriculum and Instructional support, Living Histories project documentation, an Interactive game on Treaty 6 Territory, and additional resources and links.

This oral autobiography of two remarkable Cree women tells their life stories against a backdrop of government discrimination, First Nations activism, and the resurgence of First Nations communities. Nellie Carlson and Kathleen Steinhauer, who helped to organize the Indian Rights for Indian Women movement in western Canada in the 1960s, fought the Canadian government's interpretation of treaty and Aboriginal rights, the Indian Act, and the male power structure in their own communities in pursuit of equal rights for Indigenous women and children. After decades of activism and court battles, First Nations women succeeded in changing these oppressive regulations, thus benefitting thousands of their descendants. Those interested in human rights, activism, history, and Native Studies will find that these personal stories, enriched by detailed notes and photographs, form a passionate record of an important, continuing struggle.

This source describes in detail what the doctrine of discovery is, how it has shaped Canada's relationship with Indigenous Peoples (legally, politically, economically, and socially) and why it must be formally renounced in Canada in order to achieve reconciliation and decolonization. This is a useful source for teachers who may need some background knowledge about how the Canadian government and settlers more broadly tend to write, think, and talk about Canada as a place that was "discovered" by explorers or pioneers. For teachers beginning to introduce the concept of Treaties, a first step may be to internally reflect upon how we have, generally, historically been taught or are expected to teach Canada's history of settlement. This is an incredible resource for dismantling any preconceived notions of Canada as a "blank space" or terra nulius before European settlement, and a source that provides many justifications for overruling doctrine of discovery pedagogy with new paradigms.

From the main page, under the "Resources" tab, teachers will find three other tabs ("FNMI Teaching and Learning Resources,""Indigenous Education: Pedagogy to Practice Videos," and "Treaty Education") containing a plethora of resourcse having to do with Indigenous cultures and histories as well as Residential Schools and Treaties, including Summaries of Pre-1975 Treaties and the Numbered Treaties as well as resourcse about the concept of treaties generally. This website provides lesson plans and discussion questions for grades K-8, videos, learning activities, maps, and further reading.

Indigenous traditions can be uplifting, positive, and liberating forces when they are connected to living systems of thought and practice. Problems arise when they are treated as timeless models of unchanging truth that require unwavering deference and unquestioning obedience. Freedom and Indigenous Constitutionalism celebrates the emancipatory potential of Indigenous traditions, considers their value as the basis for good laws and good lives, and critiques the failure of Canadian constitutional traditions to recognize their significance. Demonstrating how Canada’s constitutional structures marginalize Indigenous peoples’ ability to exercise power in the real world, John Borrows uses Ojibwe law, stories, and principles to suggest alternative ways in which Indigenous peoples can work to enhance freedom. Among the stimulating issues he approaches are the democratic potential of civil disobedience, the hazards of applying originalism rather than living tree jurisprudence in the interpretation of ancestral and treaty rights, American legislative actions that could also animate Indigenous self-determination in Canada, and the opportunity for Indigenous governmental action to address violence against women. * Donald Smiley Prize awarded by the Canadian Political Science Association- Joint winner Or Co-winner in 2017

More than thirty years ago, section 35 of the Constitution Act recognized and affirmed “the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada.” Hailed at the time as a watershed moment in the legal and political relationship between Indigenous peoples and settler societies in Canada, the constitutional entrenchment of Indigenous and treaty rights has proven to be only the beginning of the long and complicated process of giving meaning to that constitutional recognition.In From Recognition to Reconciliation, twenty leading scholars reflect on the continuing transformation of the constitutional relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian state. The book features essays on themes such as the role of sovereignty in constitutional jurisprudence, the diversity of methodologies at play in these legal and political questions, and connections between the Canadian constitutional experience and developments elsewhere in the world.

An academic resource that defines "treaty" in the first paragraph, while discussing in detail subjects such as pre-Treaty conditions in Canada, the historical processes of Treaty implementation, oral terms of the Treaties both by Treaty comissioners and First Nations representatives. Treaties discussed are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the written and oral agreements regarding the rights of Indigenous peoples in Manitoba to health care.